Variable | ADF test | (T,C,L) | Critical value | Smooth or not? | LNSC | -2.745153 | (t, c, 0) | -3.277364*** | NO | LD | -2.469108 | (t, c, 1) | -3.286909*** | NO | LNM | -2.861176 | (t, c, 1) | -3.324976*** | NO | LNX | -2.180352 | (t, c, 0) | -2.655194*** | NO | LNEX | -1.527875 | (t, c, 3) | -3.310349*** | NO | DLNSC | -6.500128 | (0, c, 1) | -4.571559* | YES | DLND | -2.709937 | (0, c, 0) | -3.040391** | YES | DLNM | -5.475011 | (0, c, 0) | -4.571559* | YES | DLNX | -5.732749 | (0, c, 0) | -2.690439*** | YES | DLNEX | -2.954303 | (0, c, 0) | -3.040391** | YES |
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